Methodology

The ledger prefers primary institutional data, official statistical notes, and direct report editions. Each material value needs a measure, unit, period, geographic membership, observation state, source edition, and retrieval date.

Actual, estimate, and projection values remain distinct. A new report edition adds a forecast vintage; it does not overwrite the old one. Definition breaks, changed country groups, revised denominators, and missing data are recorded before values are compared.

Reported facts and analysis use separate language. A source explanation is stored before an independent interpretation. A missing value is not replaced with an unstated estimate. A proxy keeps its own label and limitations.

The current publication does not restore or republish the former journal. It creates new research-method content from current primary sources.